Ultrasound

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xii

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2. Historical Overview

   • Wesley L. Nyborg

   Pages 1-12

3. Fundamentals of Acoustic Wave Theory

   • Martino Grandolfo, Paolo Vecchia

   Pages 13-28

4. Sources and Applications of Ultrasound

   • Deirdre A. Benwell, Stephen H. P. Bly

   Pages 29-47

5. Applications of Ultrasound in Medicine — Comparison with Other Modalities

   • Marvin C. Ziskin

   Pages 49-59

6. Aspects of Nonlinear Acoustics which are Important in Biomedical Ultrasound

   • Edwin L. Carstensen

   Pages 61-71

7. Interaction Mechanisms: Heating

   • Wesley L. Nyborg

   Pages 73-84

8. Biological Effects of Acoustic Cavitation

   • Edwin L. Carstensen

   Pages 85-103

9. Interaction Mechanisms: Non-Thermal, Non-Cavitational Effects

   • Gail ter Haar

   Pages 105-116

10. Experimentation in Vitro: Ultrasound Studies at the Macromolecular Level

    • Michael H. Repacholi

    Pages 117-127

11. Experimentation in Vitro: Effects of Ultrasound on Cell Suspensions

    • Michael H. Repacholi

    Pages 129-145

12. Effects on Soft Tissues with Special Reference to the Central Nervous System

    • A. R. Williams

    Pages 147-153

13. Ocular Effects

    • Vincenzina Mazzeo

    Pages 155-170

14. Haematological Effects

    • A. R. Williams

    Pages 171-183

15. Immunological and Genetic Effects

    • A. R. Williams

    Pages 185-193

16. Developmental and Teratogenic Effects of Ultrasound

    • B. R. Fisher, M. E. Stratmeyer

    Pages 195-217

17. Exposure to Medical Ultrasound: Studies of Human Effects

    • M. E. Stratmeyer, B. R. Fisher

    Pages 219-232

18. Standards and Recommendations on Ultrasound Exposure

    • Michael H. Repacholi

    Pages 233-245

19. Protective Measures for Ultrasound Exposure

    • Deirdre A. Benwell

    Pages 247-253

20. Research Priorities in Ultrasound

    • Wesley L. Nyborg

    Pages 255-263

This volume contains the lectures presented at the International School of Radiation Damage and Protection at the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Sci­ entific Culture in Erice, Italy, September 6-15, 1985. The sixth course of the School, entitled "Advances in Applications, Biological Effects, and Dosimetry of Ultrasound," provided an in-depth review of all facets of ultra­ sound interactions and their biological effects on living systems, allowing an assessment of the hazard potential of the various applications of ultra­ sound. Particular reference was made to possible health risks associated with medical ultrasound exposure since this use is by far the most prevalent. Since the initial application of ultrasound to submarine detection, medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications have become predominant over the past 20 years. The question of safety of this physical agent is an extremely important one. In many industrialized countries most pregnant women receive at least one diagnostic ultrasound examination before the birth of the child. Thus, potential hazards to the fetus are of prime concern. This problem has been aggravated by the fact that the medical diagnostic applications of ultrasound have far outpaced research efforts on biological effects. A further compounding factor of concern to clinicians and scientists has been the use of higher and higher intensities by the manufacturers of ultrasound equipment, particularly higher peak pulse intensities.

• assessment
• birth
• child
• dosimetry
• fetus
• health
• radiation
• radiation damage
• research
• safety
• ultrasound
• women

• Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia

  Michael H. Repacholi

• Superior Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

  Martino Grandolfo

• National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Frascati, Italy

  Alessandro Rindi

Policies and ethics